Maryland State Personnel Standards

Maryland State Personnel Standards

Audiologist

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Discipline Audiologist
License/Certificate Audiologist
State Department Maryland Board of Audiologists, Hearing Aid Dispensers & Speech-Language Pathologists, Maryland Department of Health
State Department Hyperlink https://health.maryland.gov/boardsahs/Pages/audioqual.aspx
Type of License/Certificate Licensure/Certificate
Age Range Birth - Death
Degree Level Requirement Doctoral degree in audiology
Licensure Require Specific Field or Clinical Work? A first-time licensee, who has not held a full license in this State or another state for 1 full year, shall submit verification from the academic institution conferring the individual's degree attesting the individual applying for licensure has completed 1,000 actual patient contact hours while working under direct on-site supervision.
Licensure Dependent on an Exam? The National Examination in Audiology, 600

Deaf and Hard of Hearing Specialist

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Discipline Deaf and Hard of Hearing Specialist
License/Certificate Special Education: Hearing Impaired
State Department Maryland Department of Education
State Department Hyperlink http://marylandpublicschools.org/about/Pages/DEE/Certification/Certification-Areas.aspx
Type of License/Certificate Licensure/Certificate
Age Range Not specified
Degree Level Requirement Bachelor's
Licensure Specific Curriculum/Coursework
  1. Special Education Certification. The applicant shall meet the requirements for certification in generic special education at any age/grade level.
  2. Content and Professional Education Courses. The applicant shall have (1) 3 semester hours in human growth and development emphasizing knowledge of the developmental characteristics (physical, biological, cognitive learning, and social/emotional) of the hearing impaired, which may be a part of or in addition to the requirement set forth in Regulation .20B(2) of this chapter; (2) 3 semester hours in assessment, diagnosis, and prescriptive techniques emphasizing specialized knowledge, interpretation, and application of appropriate assessment, diagnostic and prescriptive methodologies to evaluate and develop programs geared toward the individualized needs of the hearing impaired; (3) 6 semester hours in curriculum and instructional methods, emphasizing specialized strategies, techniques, materials, and adaptations appropriate to the instruction of the hearing impaired.
Licensure Require Specific Field or Clinical Work? 6 semester hours in practicum with the hearing impaired or 2 years of successful teaching experience in the area of hearing impaired. Successful teaching experience under §C(4) of this regulation shall be established by a series of at least four observation periods per year. The observer shall be the local special education supervisor or the supervisor's designee.
Licensure Dependent on an Exam?
  1. Applicants may meet the testing requirement in one of two ways by submitting: individual scores at or above the state qualifying scores on Praxis I: Reading, Writing, and Mathematics or a composite score that is at or above the state qualifying score on Praxis I, SAT, GRE, or ACT. The composite score is the combined total of state qualifying scores on the three Praxis I assessments. The composite score for the PPST and CPPST is 527 a. PPST Reading (mc - 60 min.) 177 or Computerized PPST Reading (mc - 75 min.) 177 b. PPST Writing (mc & cr - 60 min.) 173 or Computerized PPST Writing (mc & cr - 75 min.) 173 c. PPST Mathematics (mc - 55 min.) 177 or Computerized PPST Mathematics (mc - 75min.) 177 d. SAT (after April 1995) (math and verbal or math and critical reading) 1100 e. GRE (taken as of September 1, 2011) (math and verbal) 297 f. ACT 24.
  2. Praxis II: Special Education Core Knowledge and Applications or Core Knowledge and Applications (computer-delivered) 151.

Early Childhood Educator

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Discipline Early Childhood Educator
License/Certificate Early Childhood Education (PreK-3)
State Department Maryland Department of Education
State Department Hyperlink http://marylandpublicschools.org/about/Pages/DEE/Certification/Certification-Areas.aspx
Type of License/Certificate Licensure/Certificate
Age Range 3 yrs - 3rd grade
Degree Level Requirement Bachelor's
Licensure Specific Curriculum/Coursework 1. Earn a bachelor's or higher degree from an Institute of Higher Education with a major in interdisciplinary studies or a major in an academic field taught in early childhood education including a minimum of 12 semester hours of course work in both mathematics and science and 9 semester hours of course work in both English and social studies; or 2. Earn a bachelor's or higher degree from an Institute of Higher Education and complete, not less than 48 semester hours of content course work taken at an Institute of Higher Education including a minimum of 12 semester hours of course work in both mathematics and science and 9 semester hours of course work in both English and social studies 3. Complete 27 semester hours of professional education course work taken at an Institute of Higher Education, including a course in each of the following at the appropriate age or grade level: (a) Child development; (b) Human learning; (c) Teaching methodology; (d) Inclusion of special needs student populations; (e) Assessment of students; (f) Processes and acquisition of reading skills; (g) Best practices in reading instruction that include the cuing systems of graphophonics, semantics, and syntactic; (h) Use of reading assessment data to improve instruction; and (i) Materials for teaching reading to gain literary experience, to perform a task, and to read for information.
Licensure Require Specific Field or Clinical Work? A supervised experience in a public or accredited nonpublic school setting at the prekindergarten or kindergarten and primary age/grade level
Licensure Dependent on an Exam? 1. Applicants may meet the testing requirement in one of two ways by submitting: individual scores at or above the state qualifying scores on Praxis I: Reading, Writing, and Mathematics or a composite score that is at or above the state qualifying score on Praxis I, SAT, GRE, or ACT. The composite score is the combined total of state qualifying scores on the three Praxis I assessments. The composite score for the PPST and CPPST is 527 a. PPST Reading (mc - 60 min.) 177 or Computerized PPST Reading (mc - 75 min.) 177 b. PPST Writing (mc & cr - 60 min.) 173 or Computerized PPST Writing (mc & cr - 75 min.) 173 c. PPST Mathematics (mc - 55 min.) 177 or Computerized PPST Mathematics (mc - 75min.) 177 d. SAT (after April 1995) (math and verbal or math and critical reading) 1100 e. GRE (taken as of September 1, 2011) (math and verbal) 297 f. ACT 24 2. Praxis II: Early Childhood a. Early Childhood: Content Knowledge or Early Childhood: Content Knowledge (computer-delivered) 160 b. Principles of Learning and Teaching: Early Childhood (Pedagogy) 157

Early Childhood Special Educator

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Discipline Early Childhood Special Educator
License/Certificate Special Education: Infant/primary (birth-grade 3)
State Department Maryland Department of Education
State Department Hyperlink http://marylandpublicschools.org/about/Pages/DEE/Certification/Certification-Areas.aspx
Type of License/Certificate Licensure/Certificate
Age Range Birth - 8 yrs
Degree Level Requirement Bachelor's
Licensure Specific Curriculum/Coursework Content and Professional Education Courses. The requirements for a generic special education infant/primary and elementary/middle certificate are that the applicant shall have a bachelor's or higher degree from an Institute for Higher Education  and: (1) 3 semester hours in historical, philosophical, and legal foundations of special education; (2) 6 semester hours in human growth and development emphasizing normal growth and development patterns; (3) 9 semester hours in assessment, diagnosis, and prescriptive techniques emphasizing formal and informal assessment procedures, administration, interpretation, and appropriate programming, including 3 semester hours at the appropriate age/grade level; (4) 18 semester hours in curriculum and methodology of instruction at the infant/primary and elementary/middle level including the following: (a) 3 semester hours in processes and acquisition of reading skills; (b) 3 semester hours in best practices in reading instruction that include the cuing systems of graphophonics, semantics, and syntactics; (c) 3 semester hours in the use of reading assessment data to improve instruction; (d) 3 semester hours in materials for teaching reading in order to gain literary experience, to perform a task, and to read for information; and (e) 6 semester hours specific to special education at the appropriate age/grade level; (5) 3 semester hours in communications skills emphasizing human relations, parent counseling, parent conferencing, and communications.
Licensure Require Specific Field or Clinical Work? 6 semester hours in practicum at the appropriate age/grade level.
Licensure Dependent on an Exam? 1. Applicants may meet the testing requirement in one of two ways by submitting: individual scores at or above the state qualifying scores on Praxis I: Reading, Writing, and Mathematics or a composite score that is at or above the state qualifying score on Praxis I, SAT, GRE, or ACT. The composite score is the combined total of state qualifying scores on the three Praxis I assessments. The composite score for the PPST and CPPST is 527 a. PPST Reading (mc - 60 min.) 177 or Computerized PPST Reading (mc - 75 min.) 177 b. PPST Writing (mc & cr - 60 min.) 173 or Computerized PPST Writing (mc & cr - 75 min.) 173 c. PPST Mathematics (mc - 55 min.) 177 or Computerized PPST Mathematics (mc - 75min.) 177 d. SAT (after April, 1995) (math and verbal or math and critical reading) 1100 e. GRE (taken as of September 1, 2011) (math and verbal) 297 f. ACT 24 2. Praxis II: Special Education Core Knowledge and Applications or Core Knowledge and Applications (computer delivered) 151

Family Therapist

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Discipline Family Therapist
License/Certificate Clinical marriage and family therapist
State Department Maryland Board of Professional Counselors, Maryland Department of Health
State Department Hyperlink https://health.maryland.gov/bopc/Pages/marriagetherapy.aspx
Type of License/Certificate Licensure/Certificate
Age Range Birth - Death
Degree Level Requirement A master’s degree with a minimum of 60 graduate semester credit hours or 90 graduate quarter hours OR a doctoral degree with a minimum of 90 graduate semester credit hours or 135 quarter hours in a marriage and family therapy field from an accredited college or university.
Licensure Specific Curriculum/Coursework A master's degree with a minimum of 60 graduate semester credit hours or 90 graduate quarter hours OR a doctoral degree with a minimum of 90 graduate semester credit hours or 135 quarter hours in a marriage and family therapy field from an accredited college or university. Of the graduate credit hours required above, at least 45 credit hours shall be in the following areas: (1) Three courses in the analysis of family systems, with one course in each of the following: (a) A supervised clinical practice that includes at least 60 hours of approved supervision and 300 hours of direct client contact with couples, families, and individuals, at least 100 hours of which are relational therapy; (b) Normal and abnormal personality development which includes individual development across the life span and the family life cycle; and (c) Psychopathology with emphasis on standard diagnostic manuals, as well as family systems models; (2) Courses in couples therapy theory and techniques as follows: (a) One course in diagnosis and treatment of mental and emotional disorders in family systems; (b) A comprehensive survey course with substantive overview of the extant major models of family therapy; and (c) Two additional courses which focus on one or several marriage and family therapy models, or three separate courses, each of which focuses on one or several marriage and family therapy models; (3) Courses in couples therapy theory and techniques as follows: (a) A comprehensive survey of extant, major models of couples therapy; (b) An intensive study of at least three different models; or (c) Three separate courses, each of which addresses a separate couples model; (4) One course covering gender and ethnicity as they relate to marriage and family theory and practice, or two separate courses with one focusing on gender issues and the other one on ethnicity; (5) One course covering sexual issues in marriage and family therapy, including sexual normality, sexual dysfunction, and sexual orientation; and (6) One course in ethical, legal and professional issues in marriage and family therapy.
Licensure Dependent on an Exam? Achieve a passing score on the Examination in Marital and Family Therapy developed by the Association of Marital and Family Therapy Regulatory Boards; and the State examination on law and regulations.

Nurse

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Discipline Nurse
License/Certificate Registered Nurse
State Department Maryland Board of Nursing, Maryland Department of Health
State Department Hyperlink https://mbon.maryland.gov/Pages/licensing-index.aspx
Type of License/Certificate Licensure/Certificate
Age Range Birth - Death
Degree Level Requirement Associate's - Bachelor's
Licensure Specific Curriculum/Coursework Associate's Degree: The curriculum includes a total of 65-70 credits with approximately half in the sciences and humanities and half in the nursing major. A typical curriculum might include (credits): Anatomy & Physiology 8 English 3-6 Human Growth & Development 3 Mathematics 3 Microbiology 3 Psychology 3-6 Sociology 3 Nursing 35-40

Bachelor's Degree: The program of study usually consists of the first two years in general education courses concentrated in the humanities, social and physical sciences. The last two years build upon this broad general education base, offering courses in both nursing theory and clinical practice. Supervised clinical practice occurs in hospitals, clinics, community health agencies, and other health care delivery areas. Professional issues and beginning research techniques are also part of the curriculum. A typical curriculum might include (credits): Liberal Arts (e.g. English, Art) 14-37 Life Sciences (e.g. Anatomy, Physiology) 12-19 Physical Sciences (e.g. Chemistry) 8 Social Sciences (e.g. Psychology, Sociology) 9-16 Electives 5-21 Nursing 44-57
Licensure Dependent on an Exam? The National Council Licensure Examination for Registered Nurses (NCLEX-RN) Pass/Fail

Occupational Therapist

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Discipline Occupational Therapist
License/Certificate Occupational Therapist
State Department Maryland Board of Occupational Therapy Practice, Maryland Department of Health
State Department Hyperlink https://health.maryland.gov/botp/Pages/online_services.aspx
Type of License/Certificate Licensure/Certificate
Age Range Birth - Death
Degree Level Requirement Master's
Licensure Require Specific Field or Clinical Work? Completed the equivalent of at least 6 months of supervised, full-time fieldwork experience at a recognized educational institution or in a training program approved by the educational institution where the applicant met the academic requirements.
Licensure Dependent on an Exam?
  1. Jurisprudence examination
  2. An examination from the National Board for Certification in Occupational Therapy, 450

Physical Therapist

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Discipline Physical Therapist
License/Certificate Physical Therapist
State Department Maryland Board of Physical Therapy Examiners, Department of Health
State Department Hyperlink https://health.maryland.gov/bphte/Pages/licensing.aspx
Type of License/Certificate Licensure/Certificate
Age Range Birth - Death
Degree Level Requirement Doctorate
Licensure Require Specific Field or Clinical Work? Graduate from a Commission on Accreditation in Physical Therapy (CAPTE) approved school.
Licensure Dependent on an Exam?
  1. Jurisprudence Examination
  2. A passing score on the national licensing examination by the Federation of State Boards of Physical Therapy, 600

Psychologist

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Discipline Psychologist
License/Certificate Psychologist
State Department Maryland Board of Examiners of Psychologists, Maryland Department of Health
State Department Hyperlink https://health.maryland.gov/psych/Pages/generalinfopsychLicense.aspx
Type of License/Certificate Licensure/Certificate
Age Range Birth - Death
Degree Level Requirement Doctorate
Licensure Require Specific Field or Clinical Work? The 2 years of supervised professional experience shall consist of a minimum of 3,250 hours. An applicant may utilize pre-internship and pre-doctoral post-internship experience: (1) To accrue up to 1,500 hours toward the supervised professional experience required for licensure; and (2) That occurs following the completion of the first year of the doctoral program. Internship experiences shall: (1) Consist of a minimum of 1,750 hours of supervised experience; and (2) Be completed within 24 months.
Licensure Dependent on an Exam? 1. The Examination for Professional Practice in Psychology (EPPP), A scaled score of 500. 2. On the Maryland Jurisprudence Exam, 75 percent

School Psychologist

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Discipline School Psychologist
License/Certificate School Psychologist
State Department Maryland Department of Education
State Department Hyperlink http://marylandpublicschools.org/about/Pages/DEE/Certification/Certification-Areas.aspx
Type of License/Certificate Licensure/Certificate
Age Range Not Specified
Degree Level Requirement Master's or higher degree in school psychology
Licensure Specific Curriculum/Coursework Have completed 60 semester hours of graduate courses at an Institute of Higher Education (30 of which must be from one institution) to include course work in each of the following areas of study: 1. Psychological Foundations (The applicant shall have a foundation in the knowledge base for the discipline of psychology.) a. Biological bases of behavior (e.g., biological bases of development, neuropsychology, physiological psychology, physiological, and neurological bases of behavior) b. Human learning (e.g, learning process/theory) c. Social and cultural bases of behavior (e.g., social development, social and cultural diversity, social psychology, cross-cultural studies) d. Child and adolescent development (course work must include both child and adolescent development/psychology) e. Individual differences (including human exceptionalities and developmental psychopathology, exceptional child) 2. Educational Foundations (The applicant shall have a foundation in the knowledge base for education.) a. Instructional design (may include courses in regular or special education; e.g., reading curriculum, special education reading disabilities, etc.) b. Organization and operation of schools (including, but not limited to, education of exceptional learners, school and community-based resources, alternative service delivery systems) 3. Intervention/Problem Solving (The applicant shall have demonstrated knowledge and professional expertise to collaborate with the families and school- and community-based professionals in designing, implementing, and evaluating interventions that effectively respond to the educational and mental health needs of children and youth.) a. Assessment b. Individual and cognitive assessment of children and adolescents c. Social and emotional assessment of children and adolescents (e.g., personality assessment, projective testing, behavioral assessment) d. Individual preschool assessment (may be included as part of another assessment course) e. Direct and Indirect Intervention f. Individual counseling techniques g. Group counseling techniques h. Consultation and intervention (e.g., instructional strategies, classroom organization and management, behavior modification, applied behavioral analysis) i. Practicum in school psychology 4. Statistics and research methodologies (The applicant shall be a competent consumer of research and new knowledge and able to use diverse methodologies (e.g., ethnographic, single-subject designs, quantitative methods) to evaluate professional practices (e.g., interventions or programs). a. Research and evaluation methods (e.g., research design, advanced experimental design, program evaluation) b. Statistics (e.g., statistics/research methods, advanced statistics) c. Measurement (e.g., tests and measurements, item analysis, test construction) 5. Professional School Psychology (The applicant shall have a knowledge base specific to the professional specialty of school psychology and is able to demonstrate the application of that knowledge base to professional practice.) a. History and foundation of school psychology (e.g., foundations of school psychology, seminar in school psychology) b. Legal and ethical issues in school psychology (e.g., legal issues in school psychology) c. Roles and functions (e.g., legal issues in school psychology, standards, and ethics in school psychology) (Minimum of 6 hours)
Licensure Require Specific Field or Clinical Work? 1. Practicum in school psychology, included in the 60 semester hours. 2. 1,200 clock hours internship experience while enrolled in a school psychology program that is approved by and under the direction of an Institute of Higher Education. The internship shall cover a broad and balanced variety of experiences in the following areas: (i) Assessment, such as classroom observation, rating scale procedures, standardized testing, and individualized testing; (ii) Indirect intervention, such as consultation; (iii) Direct intervention, such as counseling, modification of behavior; (iii) Direct intervention, such as counseling, modification of behavior; (iv) School/system support, such as establishing school needs, conducting in-service sessions and research; (v) Services to special and non-special education students in public or State-approved nonpublic school settings; and (vi) Services to students in special settings such as public or State-approved special education schools, clinics, or hospitals.
Licensure Dependent on an Exam? 1. Applicants may meet the testing requirement in one of two ways by submitting: individual scores at or above the state qualifying scores on Praxis I: Reading, Writing, and Mathematics or a composite score that is at or above the state qualifying score on Praxis I, SAT, GRE, or ACT. The composite score is the combined total of state qualifying scores on the three Praxis I assessments. The composite score for the PPST and CPPST is 527 a. PPST Reading (mc - 60 min.) 177 or Computerized PPST Reading (mc - 75 min.) 177 b. PPST Writing (mc & cr - 60 min.) 173 or Computerized PPST Writing (mc & cr - 75 min.) 173 c. PPST Mathematics (mc - 55 min.) 177 or Computerized PPST Mathematics (mc - 75min.) 177 d. SAT (after April 1995) (math and verbal or math and critical reading) 1100 e. GRE (taken as of September 1, 2011) (math and verbal) 297 f. ACT 24 2. Praxis II: School Psychologist 161

Social Worker – Licensed Certified

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Discipline Social Worker
License/Certificate Licensed Certified Social Worker (LCSW)
State Department Board of Social Work Examiners, Maryland Department of Health
State Department Hyperlink https://health.maryland.gov/bswe/Pages/default.aspx
Type of License/Certificate Licensure/Certificate
Age Range Birth - Death
Degree Level Requirement Master's degree from a program accredited by the Council on Social Work Education or an equivalent organization approved by the Council on Social Work Education.
Licensure Dependent on an Exam? The Association of Social Work Boards (ASWB) Masters examination. All ASWB examination scores are reported as pass/fail, with the number of questions needed to pass the examination, and because test questions change from one administration to the next, statistical adjustments must be made to account for small differences in the overall difficulty of individual examinations.
Additional requirements specific for schools? Need to apply for a school social worker certificate.

Social Worker – Licensed Masters

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Discipline Social Worker
License/Certificate Licensed Certified Social Worker (MSW)
State Department Board of Social Work Examiners, Maryland Department of Health
State Department Hyperlink https://health.maryland.gov/bswe/Pages/Online-Application.aspx
Type of License/Certificate Licensure/Certificate
Age Range Birth - Death
Degree Level Requirement Master's degree from a program that is accredited or is a candidate for accreditation by the Council on Social Work Education or an equivalent organization approved by the Council on Social Work Education.
Licensure Dependent on an Exam? The Association of Social Work Boards (ASWB) Masters examination. All ASWB examination scores are reported as pass/fail, with the number of questions needed to pass the examination, and because test questions change from one administration to the next, statistical adjustments must be made to account for small differences in the overall difficulty of individual examinations.
Additional requirements specific for schools? Need to apply for a school social worker certificate.

Social Worker – Licensed Bachelor’s

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Discipline Social Worker
License/Certificate Licensed Bachelor's Social Work (BSW)
State Department Board of Social Work Examiners, Maryland Department of Health
State Department Hyperlink https://health.maryland.gov/bswe/Pages/Online-Application.aspx
Type of License/Certificate Licensure/Certificate
Age Range Birth - Death
Degree Level Requirement Bachelor's in social work
Licensure Dependent on an Exam? The Association of Social Work Boards (ASWB) Basic examination. All ASWB examination scores are reported as pass/fail, with the number of questions needed to pass the examination, and because test questions change from one administration to the next, statistical adjustments must be made to account for small differences in the overall difficulty of individual examinations.

Social Worker – Licensed Certified Clinical

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Discipline Social Worker
License/Certificate Licensed Certified Clinical (LCSW-C)
State Department Maryland Board of Social Work Examiners, Maryland Department of Health
State Department Hyperlink https://health.maryland.gov/bswe/Pages/Online-Application.aspx
Type of License/Certificate Licensure/Certificate
Age Range Birth - Death
Degree Level Requirement Master's in Social work
Licensure Specific Curriculum/Coursework Documentation of twelve academic credit hours of clinical course work from a social work program accredited by the Council on Social Work Education (6 of the 12 academic credit hours may be obtained from a BSW program).
Licensure Dependent on an Exam? The Association of Social Work Boards (ASWB) Masters examination. All ASWB examination scores are reported as pass/fail, with the number of questions needed to pass the examination, and because test questions change from one administration to the next, statistical adjustments must be made to account for small differences in the overall difficulty of individual examinations.
Additional requirements specific for schools? Need to apply for a school social worker certificate.

Speech Language Pathologist

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Discipline Speech-Language Pathologist
License/Certificate Speech-Language Pathologist
State Department Maryland Board of Audiologists, Hearing Aid Dispensers & Speech-Language Pathologists, Maryland Department of Health
State Department Hyperlink https://health.maryland.gov/boardsahs/Pages/slpqual.aspx
Type of License/Certificate Licensure/Certificate
Age Range Birth - Death
Degree Level Requirement Master's Degree in Speech-Language Pathology
Licensure Require Specific Field or Clinical Work? Have completed the period of supervised postgraduate professional practice (CFY) in speech-language pathology as specified by the regulations adopted by the Board.
Licensure Dependent on an Exam?
  1. Have passed the National Examination in Speech-Language Pathology by ETS, 600
  2. Passage of an open-book jurisdictional exam

Vision Specialist

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Discipline Vision Specialist
License/Certificate Special Education: Visually Impaired
State Department Maryland Department of Education
State Department Hyperlink http://marylandpublicschools.org/about/Pages/DEE/Certification/Certification-Areas.aspx
Type of License/Certificate Licensure/Certificate
Age Range Not specified
Degree Level Requirement Bachelor's
Licensure Specific Curriculum/Coursework
  1. Special Education Background. For initial certification to teach students with visual impairments, an applicant shall meet the requirements for special education certification or have 21 semester hours of course work including all the following areas: (1) Historical, philosophical, and legal foundations of special education; (2) Human growth and development emphasizing normal growth and development patterns; (3) Introduction to exceptional children; (4) Formal and informal assessment, diagnosis, and prescriptive techniques; (5) Methods of teaching reading; (6) Education of students with multiple disabilities; and (7) Human relations skills
  2. Specialized Content and Professional Education Courses. An applicant shall have a minimum of 27 semester hours in course work or its equivalent, including all the following areas and §C(2) of this regulation: (a) Human growth and development emphasizing knowledge of the developmental characteristics of students with visual impairments; (b) Assessment, diagnosis, and prescriptive techniques to meet the individualized reading needs of students with visual impairments; (c) Curriculum, instructional methods, technology, and adaptations specific to the teaching of reading and to other areas of instruction of students with visual impairments, including all the following: (i) Knowledge of Braille, including Braille code and methods of teaching Braille reading and writing, including portable techniques to advanced technologies; and (ii) Introduction to orientation and mobility training emphasizing the development of concepts and skills required for independent travel; (d) Medical aspects and disorders of the eye including their current and future impact on the development of the student.
Licensure Require Specific Field or Clinical Work? A practicum of no less than 6 semester hours was completed with students with visual impairments.
Licensure Dependent on an Exam? 1. Applicants may meet the testing requirement in one of two ways by submitting: individual scores at or above the state qualifying scores on Praxis I: Reading, Writing, and Mathematics or a composite score that is at or above the state qualifying score on Praxis I, SAT, GRE, or ACT. The composite score is the combined total of state qualifying scores on the three Praxis I assessments. The composite score for the PPST and CPPST is 527 a. PPST Reading (mc - 60 min.) 177 or Computerized PPST Reading (mc - 75 min.) 177 b. PPST Writing (mc & cr - 60 min.) 173 or Computerized PPST Writing (mc & cr - 75 min.) 173 c. PPST Mathematics (mc - 55 min.) 177 or Computerized PPST Mathematics (mc - 75min.) 177 d. SAT (after April 1995) (math and verbal or math and critical reading) 1100 e. GRE (taken as of September 1, 2011) (math and verbal) 297 f. ACT 24 2. Praxis II: Special Education Core Knowledge and Applications or Core Knowledge and Applications (computer-delivered) 151